![]() ![]() stephensi is one of several biological threats currently facing malaria control. Anopheles stephensi and other biological threatsĪccording to the WHO Malaria Threats Map, An. This study concluded that most countries will not defeat malaria without major investments to improve staffing and boost system-wide capacity. In a recent global analysis, only 8% of the national malaria programs reported having sufficient capacity to implement vector surveillance and only 28% had capacity to implement larval source management. Some of these control programs are also unable to implement vector control interventions in a timely and comprehensive manner. This is compounded by inadequate capacity to analyse and use local data for decision making, environmental changes and urbanization trends as well as the failures to institute multi-sectoral efforts, particularly the neglect of environmental sanitation as a key component in vector control. Many countries, including those affected by the invasion still do not have sufficient capacity and resources to carry out effective entomological assessments – including monitoring for invasive species, understanding the insecticide resistance profiles, or investigating pathogen transmission by prevailing vector populations. stephensi in eastern Africa indicate broader weaknesses in vector surveillance and control. stephensi within the broader context of biological threats to malaria control in Africa and discusses opportunities to better understand and sustainably address it. In particular, the problem is by the scientific community as simply another research problem-thus ignoring the broader issues that most malaria control programs currently face. While there is now increasing awareness within the global malaria community, responses to date have largely been siloed and reactionary. This alert, though issued seven years after the initial observations in Djibouti, has played an essential role in galvanizing efforts to address the threat. stephensi in the Horn of Africa and warned public health authorities to be vigilant. In 2019, the World Health Organization released a threat notice highlighting the spread of An. One geo-statistical model has predicted that the species could spread to many other African cities, eventually putting at least 126 million people at risk. While malaria in Africa has been overwhelmingly a rural disease, transmission could rise in urban areas where An. stephensi may already be present in, or is spreading to, areas outside of the Horn of Africa. Given these observations, there are now serious concerns that An. More recent surveys in Sudan have confirmed extensive geographical spread of the vector, including observations in districts bordering six other countries without any prior evidence of the species. ![]() Subsequent investigations have confirmed the presence of the vector species in multiple sites in Ethiopia, Somalia and Sudan, where one of the latest discoveries happened serendipitously during an urban search for culicines. It was detected in Africa for the first time in 2012, in the city of Djibouti. Anopheles stephensi was historically considered an Asian malaria vector and has been one of the major drivers of transmission in cities across India, Iran and Pakistan, as well as the Arabian Peninsula. ![]()
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